High School

Vectors

Kinematics

The Big 4

Velocity is the change of position with respect to time

Free Body Diagrams and Force Balance

F = ma

Friction Atwood machines

The force is the change of momentum wth respect to time \(F = \frac{p}{dt}\)

Force is a function of position and velocity.

Conservation of energy and momentum

Center of Mass. Conservation of total momentum. In center of mass frame, the center of mass itself is preserved.

Virial

A truly odd duck. Most useful as a kinetic theory kind of thing.

Simple Harmonic Motion

\[F = -k x\]

Planetary Motion

Collisions

Rigid Bodies

Angular momentum is \(L = r \times p\). It’s value is dependent on your choice of coordinate system, which feels rather odd.

Torque is \(r \times F\)

State

David’s blog post tennis racket theorem

How do you describe the kinematics of a rigid object. Three (non collinear) points in it are enbough. That is more than necessary number of coordinates though. If you pick particular points in the object, they will alays be the same distance from each other. That’s 3 \(R^2 = d^2\) constraints a-b, b-c, a-c. More coordinates is not really a sin persay, despire an impulse for it to feel that way. It will mean you have to write more things, but perhaps the mathematics may be easier. If you were measuring points on on object, perhaps it is not so bad to take redundant measurements/points to reduce error.

Something more common is take take the position of some point and orientation information.

Euler angles: We pick some reference orientation and a canonical sequence of transformations to transform into this configuation.

We could describe the rotation matrix. The rotation matrix can be thought of as very similar to the first method. Each column of the matrix is what the x-y-z axis is transformed to

Quaternions - Funky fellows.

Conversions: We can create a rotation matrix from euler angles as a composition of 3 rotation matrices. Converting from euler angles to points is straightforward.

Points to rotation matrix can be done as a matrix problem. \(X'= UX\) \(X' X^T = U X X^T\) Here I somewhat randomly pick X to right multiply. I could’ve picked any matrix \(X' X^T (X X^T)^{-1} = U\) is one solution. Is it optimal in any

A natural optimization formulation is (although it is no a priori clear what the distance function d could be. \(\min_{U} d(X', UX)\) \(U^T U = 1\)

Straightforward enough. Is this problem solvable? Well, a choice of d might be $ d(X,X’) = X - X’ ^2 $ . Combined with a lagrange multiplier for the constraint this is a multivariate polynomial system of equations. There are methods for this, not really fast ones though.

Alternatively we could just for a matrix decomposition. General nonlinear optimization using gradient descent or other.

cos^2 + sin^2 = 1 is a useful trick to turn angles to systems of polynomial equations.

angular velocity

Strangly, angular velocity seems more straightforward than describing rotation itself. This is because globally, rotation has some peculiar mathemtical properties. Locally, as in small orientation displacements, it isn’t so bad.

$ v = \omega \cross r $$

Accelerating Frames

Conservation Laws

Symettry and conservation laws

Momentum

Energy

Angular Momentum

Center of Mass

Lagrangian Mechanics

L = T - V Basic form is kinetic energy minus potential energy.

The action is the time integral of the lagrangian \(S = \int L dt\) What does this equation mean? Does it have any content?

Noether’s theorem

Hamiltonian Mechanics

Legendre Transformations

Phase Space

Hamilton Jacobi Equations

Caonical transformations

Action angle coordinats

Liouville’s theorem

Celestial Mechanics

Chaos

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_theory

Chaos book Logisistic model feigenbaum poincare sections Attractors lorenz and rossler chua’s circuit quantum chaos

Waves

Normal Modes

Fluids

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iKAVRgIrUOU&t=648&ab_channel=TenMinutePhysics 17 - How to write an Eulerian fluid simulator with 200 lines of code. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40429878 Fast real time fluid simulator based on MPM algorithm

Acoustics

Continuous Media

Stress Strain / Continuous Media / Strength of Materials

Beam equation Young’s modulus

Resources

Landau Lectures Gold something SICM structure and interpretation of classical mechanics Fetter and Walecka Physics 1 textbooks. WHat do the kinds do these days? Feynman