Assemblers

gas - gnu assembler llvm-as https://www.xorpd.net/pages/links.html

yasm nasm fasm https://board.flatassembler.net/

terse command line flag

Directives

gas gas directives

.equiv
cfi directives
.debug_line maps addresses to source code lines
.debug_info maps source variables to registers and stack locations
.eh_frame maps address location return address and callee saved registers info. “exception handling”

x86

De facto standard for desktops

intel software develpoer manuals

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INT_(x86_instruction) int3 is a breakpoint instruction https://twitter.com/pkhuong/status/1507790343151960073?s=20&t=GsM8M-fHdbvp9M4n5S4-kg

BMI1 BMI2

Bit manipulation instructions https://twitter.com/geofflangdale/status/1502481857375793153?s=20&t=j5MN13cFOkc3qH8tpATyNA apparently people can do crazy stuff with this https://twitter.com/pkhuong/status/1497332651891515395?s=20&t=j5MN13cFOkc3qH8tpATyNA

pshufb pext pdep

https://cs.lmu.edu/~ray/notes/gasexamples/ Seems like really good intro to assembly https://jameshfisher.com/2018/03/10/linux-assembly-hello-world/

.global _start
.data
hello:
  .ascii "Hello world\n"
  len = . - hello
.text
_start:
  mov $1, %rax # write
  mov $1, %rdi # stdout
  mov $hello, %rsi #
  mov $len, %rdx
  syscall

  mov $60, %rax #  exit
  mov $0, %rdi
  syscall

using a macro

.global _start
.macro myprint str len
  mov $1, %rax # write
  mov $1, %rdi # stdout
  mov \str, %rsi
  mov \len, %rdx
  syscall
.endm

.data
hello:
  .ascii "Hello world\n"
  len = . - hello
.text
_start:
  myprint $hello, $len

  mov $60, %rax #  exit
  mov $0, %rdi
  syscall

Using a function. RDI, RSI, RDX, RCX, R8, R9

.global _start
.text
myprint:
  mov %rsi, %rdx   #len
  mov %rdi, %rsi
  mov $1, %rax  # write
  mov $1, %rdi  # stdout
  syscall
  ret
_start:
  mov $hello, %rdi
  mov $len, %rsi
  call myprint

  mov $60, %rax #  exit
  mov $0, %rdi
  syscall
.data
hello:
  .ascii "Hello world\n"
  len = . - hello

nasm

_start:
  mov rdi, 0
  ret

#!/usr/bin/python
print("hello world")

memory barrier

CET control enforcement technology

endbr valid jump destinations for indirect jumps

x86 forth

ARM

Arm memory tagging extension

RISC V

risc v J extesnions

https://www.cs.cornell.edu/courses/cs3410/2019sp/riscv/interpreter/# nice little interpeter to play with risc v from scratch

# it's the sum of 1 to n
addi a0, x0, 4
addi t0, x0, 0
addi t1, x0, 1
loop:
  add t0,a0,t0
  sub a0, a0, t1
  #jal x0, loop
  bne a0, x0, loop

https://web.eecs.utk.edu/~smarz1/courses/ece356/notes/assembly/ notes

https://github.com/jameslzhu/riscv-card/blob/master/riscv-card.pdf nice cheatsheet of instructions, registers registers

a0 a1 are arguments nad returns values
t0-t are temporaries
x0 or zero is zero register
equivalent floating point just add f.
s0 .. saved resgiters

instructions

example risc5 programs. sort, search. vector matrix mult, string copy. https://marz.utk.edu/my-courses/cosc230/book/example-risc-v-assembly-programs/

https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/coroutines.html
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/X86_Assembly
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Embedded_Systems
https://www.ic.unicamp.br/~pannain/mc404/aulas/pdfs/Art%20Of%20Intel%20x86%20Assembly.pdf Art of Assembly DOS version. Good stuff in here. Some ways of implementing function calls I’d never considered

Misc

bootstrapping a c compiler https://learnxinyminutes.com/docs/mips/

bootsector games Introduction to 80x86 Assembly Language and Computer Architecture” by R. C. Detmer, 2. ed. 2006.

xorpd xchg rax rax reversing hero flatassembler

boot sector means they got the code under 512 bytes

https://github.com/nanochess/bootBASIC boot sector basic https://nanochess.org/ https://www.lulu.com/shop/oscar-toledo-gutierrez/programming-boot-sector-games/paperback/product-24188564.html?page=1&pageSize=4 https://nanochess.org/store.html programming boot sector games

sectorlisp

x86 forth